# Watermark sources and reading scope, prepared 5 October 2026

A listed source was not necessarily read in full. Internal research-file paths are omitted. Scholarly links point to the publisher or repository. Books and figures are not republished here.

Bibliographic sources, object records and methodological controls are distinguished below. A source being listed is not a claim that its entire contents, original plates or unavailable technical images were inspected. The owner-supplied data are a separate source class. PDF page numbers include covers; printed page numbers are given separately.

Three kinds are kept apart. **W04, W05 and W06** are the three JHNA method articles: decision trees, overlay comparison, and exact matches with dated documents. **W07 through W11, together with W01, W03 and W28**, are comparative or institutional studies. **W02, W13, W14 and W15** are pages for individual artworks that report a watermark. A museum page that only reports a mark is not treated as one of the studies.

## W01 — Bonnie Hearn, Rembrandt’s watermarked papers at the National Gallery of Victoria (15 July 2024)

[Primary/source record](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/rembrandts-watermarked-papers-at-the-ngv/)

**Locator:** Sections on Strasbourg marks, variants, twins and fragments.

**Reading scope:** Institutional essay rechecked 2026-10-05; source snapshot 2026-09-28.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W02 — NGV, Jan Six, work 23466, accession 1242-5

[Primary/source record](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/23466/)

**Locator:** Watermark B.y, incomplete; 10 laid lines/cm; chains 27–28 mm; wire side recto, radiograph from verso.

**Reading scope:** Record text checked in September; direct current access incomplete; institutional radiograph download HTTP403.

**File origin:** Owner proposed comparator; institutional record researched separately.

## W03 — NGV, Rembrandt’s Watermarked Papers database

[Primary/source record](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/conservation/watermarks-rembrandt/)

**Locator:** Classification and full-sheet/countermark conventions.

**Reading scope:** Institutional methodology; not an examination of the present sheet.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W04 — C. Richard Johnson Jr., Decision Trees for Watermark Identification in Rembrandt’s Etchings, JHNA 12:2 (2020), DOI 10.5092/jhna.12.2.5

[Primary/source record](https://jhna.org/articles/decision-trees-for-watermark-identification-in-rembrandts-etchings/)

**Locator:** Printed pp.37–39 (PDF 38–40), figs.51–55; p.54 notes39, 41, 43; p.55 note50.

**Reading scope:** Targeted passages consulted.

## W05 — Johnson, Sethares and Ellis, Overlay Videos for Quick and Accurate Watermark Identification, Comparison, and Matching, JHNA 13:2 (2021), DOI 10.5092/jhna.2021.13.2.1

[Primary/source record](https://jhna.org/articles/automated-watermark-identification/)

**Locator:** Methods §§12–29; library §42 and skipped fragment points §43; appendix3.

**Reading scope:** Targeted passages consulted.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W06 — Johnson and Weislogel, Assisting Creation Dating of Rembrandt Prints using Exact Watermark Matches Between the Prints and Seventeenth-Century Dutch Documents, JHNA 18:1 (2026), DOI 10.5092/jhna.2026.18.1.3

[Primary/source record](https://jhna.org/articles/assisting-creation-dating-of-rembrandt-prints-using-exact-watermark-matches-between-the-prints-and-seventeenth-century-dutch-documents/)

**Locator:** p.3 §4; p.7 §16; p.9 §§20–22; p.26 note22.

**Reading scope:** Targeted passages consulted.

**File origin:** The custodian supplied article; claims audited independently.

## W07 — Tycho Maas, Tracing Personal Accounts in Colonial Knowledge Networks: Towards a Watermark Database for the Cape Colony, 1652–1795, PBSA 117(2) (2023), 215–235, DOI 10.1086/725534

[Repository PDF](https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/207813285/725534.pdf)

**Locator:** p. 228; fig. 12 p. 234 (PDF 15, 21); dated document 8 May 1686, 55 × 105 mm tracing.

**Reading scope:** Targeted passages consulted.

**File origin:** The PDF supplied for this research. It is the same file as the repository PDF linked above, not the journal landing page.

## W08 — Maas 2023 institutional PDF

[Same PDF as W07](https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/207813285/725534.pdf)

**Locator:** 22-page repository version including cover.

**Reading scope:** Same work and bytes as W07; not independent corroboration.

**File origin:** Same PDF as W07. Not a second copy and not the journal landing page.

## W09 — Viola da Gamba Society, Index of Manuscripts Containing Consort Music, Appendix I: Watermarks and Paper Types, eds. Ashbee, Thompson and Wainwright

[Primary/source record](https://vdgs.org.uk/indexmss/08%20Watermarks.pdf)

**Locator:** Fleur-de-lys II, pp.272–273 (PDF 22–23), subdivisions1/a–3/b; WR context p.263; orientation p.253.

**Reading scope:** Relevant appendix passages inspected; current appendix revision date not established. Printed index pagination differs from actual section headings..

**File origin:** Research located.

## W10 — Rudolf Rasch, The Thirty-One Works of Francesco Geminiani, Work One: The Violin Sonatas of 1716: Copies, revision31 May 2020

[Primary/source record](https://geminiani.sites.uu.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/417/2020/05/The-Sonatas-of-1716-Copies.pdf)

**Locator:** p.8 entry1B1a: 1719 impression; STRASBOURG LILY2 with4 andWR; countermarkIV; chains26mm.

**Reading scope:** Targeted passages consulted.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W11 — Worcester Cathedral Library and Archive, Watermarks in the A-Series of Diocese Accounts (7 August 2024)

[Primary/source record](https://worcestercathedrallibrary.wordpress.com/2024/08/07/watermarks-in-the-a-series-of-diocese-accounts-in-the-library-at-worcester-cathedral/)

**Locator:** Fig11, A124i, 1616; photographic control for lily/shield/4/WR arrangement.

**Reading scope:** Library account and figure consulted; not metric the present sheet comparison.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W12 — Alison McNeil Kettering, Drawings from the Ter Borch Studio Estate in the Rijksmuseum (The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1988), part I

[Primary/source record](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/30038077)

**Locator:** GSr62 p52; GJr12 p98; GJr50 p122; GJr93 p154; H17 p204; H19 p206; M46 p312.

**Reading scope:** PartI consulted. PartII watermark plates pp776–802 NOT supplied or read..

**File origin:** User supplied scan; targeted reading.

## W13 — Ackland Art Museum, Esaias van de Velde, A Cluster of Trees near a Ruin, 2017.1.86

[Primary/source record](https://peck.ackland.org/artworks/a-cluster-of-trees-near-a-ruin)

**Locator:** c 1620–25;150×200mm; lower Strasbourg Lily with4WR; vertical chains24–26mm.

**Reading scope:** Scholarly object/appendix text read; no technical watermark image inspected.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W14 — University of Glasgow Whistler catalogue, Lobster Pots–Selsea Bill, NGA Washington 1942.15.36

[Primary/source record](https://www.etchings.arts.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/etchings/etching/?catno=K235&filename=K2350106)

**Locator:** Partial WR: hunting horn in shield OR Strasbourg Lily.

**Reading scope:** Catalogue text read through web tool; direct download403, no local snapshot.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W15 — Getty, European Drawings3, entry82, Jacques de GheynII, 90.GA.135

[Primary/source record](https://www.getty.edu/publications/resources/virtuallibrary/0892364807.pdf)

**Locator:** Design for the Title Page of The Exercise of Cavalry; hunting horn in shield aboveWR.

**Reading scope:** Indexed institutional passage consulted; full PDF download returned HTML, not retained.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W16 — Victoria Bunting, Electron radiography of paper, Conservation DistList, 22 June 1999

[Primary/source record](https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byform/mailing-lists/cdl/1999/0792.html)

**Locator:** First-hand note on Freer Whistler radiography; contact/vacuum method.

**Reading scope:** Professional communication, not peer-reviewed clinical or object examination evidence.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W17 — Rijksmuseum, The Watermarks Project

[Primary/source record](https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/research/our-research/conservation-science/science/the-watermarks-project)

**Locator:** Whole-sheet low-energy X-radiography; named contact Aurora Belli.

**Reading scope:** Project page inspected 2026-10-04; no claim that every image is already online or private objects accepted.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W18 — Cornell, Watermark Identification in Rembrandt’s Prints project description

[Primary/source record](https://people.ece.cornell.edu/johnson/WIRPDescription.pdf)

**Locator:** pp.1–4 structural pattern and classification.

**Reading scope:** Technical project description; six-page PDF, targeted passages.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W19 — C.-M. Briquet, Les Filigranes (1907), no 7104

[Primary/source record](https://briquet-online.at/BR.php?refnr=7104&lang=fr)

**Locator:** vol. II p393 and motif 7104: Ferrara 1560, lily in circle.

**Reading scope:** Primary catalogue page/motif inspected; does NOT support universal WR-pendant orientation rule.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W20 — National Gallery of Victoria citations to W.A.Churchill (1935), no401; E.Heawood (1950), no 1780; Wibiral, no7b

[Primary/source record](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/23466/)

**Locator:** References reported in Jan Six record: Churchill 1625, Heawood 1680 London, Wibiral 1660.

**Reading scope:** Secondary citation in institutional object record; original catalogue plates not directly inspected.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W21 — Erik Hinterding, Rembrandt as an Etcher: The Practice of Production and Distribution (2006), 3vols

[Primary/source record](https://jhna.org/articles/decision-trees-for-watermark-identification-in-rembrandts-etchings/)

**Locator:** vol. II191–231 lily variants, as cited Johnson 2020 note43.

**Reading scope:** Original three-volume work not held here; references checked through JHNA/NGV, not a full direct reading.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W22 — Nancy Ash and Shelley Fletcher, Watermarks in Rembrandt’s Prints (NGA Washington, 1998)

[Primary/source record](https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/rembrandts-watermarked-papers-at-the-ngv/)

**Locator:** Classification precedent; owner’s specific p11 citation not checked in original.

**Reading scope:** Bibliographic reference; no full original PDF located.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W23 — Keri Dexter, Unmasking “Thomas Tudway”: A New Identity for a Seventeenth-Century Windsor Copyist, RMARC32 (1999), 89–117, DOI 10.1080/14723808.1999.10540985

[Primary/source record](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-musical-association-research-chronicle/article/abs/unmasking-thomas-tudway-a-new-identity-for-a-seventeenthcentury-windsor-copyist/FD7191FED2A4DBEB477E2E9CBFD78AEE)

**Locator:** Metadata and indexed WR-related passage.

**Reading scope:** Full text pending; online 2020 date not original publication year; not used to classify the present sheet.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W24 — Farewell South Seas! Captured Spanish derroteros or English-made Copies?, Imago Mundi78(1) (2026), DOI 10.1080/03085694.2026.2641936

[Primary/source record](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03085694.2026.2641936)

**Locator:** Indexed WR/countermark lead.

**Reading scope:** Full text and complete author metadata pending; no the present sheet conclusion rests on it.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W25 — National Gallery of Australia, Whistler watermark and countermark library

[Primary/source record](https://nga.gov.au/art-artists/research-archives/conservation/paper/listings-watermark-and-countermark-library/)

**Locator:** Research gateway.

**Reading scope:** Earlier direct request403; library images not examined here.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W26 — ImageJ, Interactive3D Surface Plot documentation

[Primary/source record](https://imagej.net/ij/plugins/surface-plot-3d)

**Locator:** Intensity can be represented as apparent height.

**Reading scope:** Explains a possible visualization mechanism; does not identify the custodian’s software.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W27 — Ellis, Johnson and Sethares, Moldmates Matter: Computational Tools to Enhance, Measure, Compare, and Match Historical Papers, Getty Research Journal17 (2023), 1–24, DOI 10.1086/724136

[Primary/source record](https://www.jstor.org/stable/48766736)

**Locator:** Bibliographic metadata and CC BY-NC licence.

**Reading scope:** Metadata/licence verified; full text not newly downloaded/read.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W28 — Erik Hinterding, Should prints be redated because of watermark evidence? Some examples and considerations, in Rembrandt Now, eds. Marika Spring and Ashok Roy (2022), 105–114

[Primary/source record](https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/5t0bre5n/rembrandt-now-online-pdf-170322.pdf)

**Locator:** pp. 105, 109–110, 113–114 (PDF108, 112–113, 116–117); Strasbourg Lily D’.a listed in Jan Six impressions.

**Reading scope:** Relevant full chapter read; volume not exhaustively read. Publication includes an apparent 1848 typo in historical list, not adopted..

**File origin:** Research located.

## W29 — Gravell Watermark Archive, SLD.051.1

[Primary/source record](https://memoryofpaper.eu/gravell/)

**Locator:** Folger X.d.483(99), Robert Bennet papers, 5 Sept 1651;100×72mm; chains21–21–21–23–21mm.

**Reading scope:** Reported in existing independently compiled dossier. Exact original entry/image not re-retrieved this turn; retained as a previously documented lead, not current mould finding..

**File origin:** Owner citation, earlier dossier research.

## W30 — Bernstein, Memory of Paper

[Primary/source record](https://www.memoryofpaper.eu/BernsteinPortal/appl_start.disp)

**Locator:** Watermark/paper database gateway.

**Reading scope:** Discovery resource; no exact the present sheet match claimed.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W31 — WZIS/Piccard online

[Primary/source record](https://www.wasserzeichen-online.de/wzis/index.php)

**Locator:** Variant and dated documentary comparators.

**Reading scope:** Gateway and Piccard references from Kettering; original referenced plates not independently checked.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W32 — Looking at Paper: Evidence & Interpretation (2001)

[Primary/source record](https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/pch/NM95-58-5-2001.pdf)

**Locator:** Laboratory-technique lead.

**Reading scope:** Download returned non-PDF; full text not read or included.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W33 — Nederlandse Boekgeschiedenis, Paper (1585–1725)

[Primary/source record](https://www.nederlandseboekgeschiedenis.nl/en/handbook/1585-1725-hey-day-centre-world-trade/213-1585-1725-paper-incl-production-watermarks-paper)

**Locator:** Historical WR/IV and paper-trade context.

**Reading scope:** Historical overview consulted; no object-specific finding.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W34 — Cleveland Museum of Art, Self-Portrait Drawing at a Window, 1934.350

[Primary/source record](https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1934.350)

**Locator:** 1648 etching comparator previously proposed.

**Reading scope:** Public object-specific TypeE/WR record not located; empty metadata is not proof of absence.

**File origin:** Research located.

## W35 — the custodian, supplied photographs and statements

Owner-supplied case material; no public correspondence link.

**Locator:** WR Image1/2; image(10);3D; measurements 10 laid/cm, 25–25–30mm, 203×153mm.

**Reading scope:** Owner reports not calibrated observations. Image names and labels are claims; not scientific identifications..

**File origin:** Owner via user.

## Links to the seven Ter Borch corpus objects

- [GSr62/A-1211](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200471792)
- [GJr12/A-788](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200471970)
- [GJr50/A-1134](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200472179)
- [GJr93/A-1797](https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-T-1888-A-1797)
- [H17/A-949](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200511163)
- [H19/A-911](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200511127)
- [M46/A-1095](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200471302)

Corrected comparison: [M18/A-1327](https://id.rijksmuseum.nl/200512324), possible lamb fragment, not a positive lily. Current museum records and Kettering1988 descriptions remain distinct sources.

## Original catalogues/pages still needing direct consultation

- W. A. Churchill, *Watermarks in Paper in Holland, England, France, etc., in the XVII and XVIII Centuries and Their Interconnection* (1935), no.401. Cited byNGV; original plate not directly inspected here.
- Edward Heawood, *Watermarks, Mainly of the17th and18th Centuries* (1950): no.1746 cited in owner material is unverified; no.1780 is reported byNGV; no.1785 is Kettering’s comparison forM46. These roles must not be conflated.
- Erik Hinterding2006, vol.I p.38 and NancyAsh/ShelleyFletcher1998 p.11, specific owner citations: original pages not independently inspected.
- PiccardXIII1297ff./1316/1333 andHeitz293 are Kettering’s references, not newly measured identifications by this study.

Pending metadata/full text for the2026 *ImagoMundi* lead are explicitly unresolved. The article is not used as evidence for the present sheet.